India’s vital statistics include a GDP per capita of $2,880, ranking 142nd out of 193 countries, and a population of approximately 1.45 billion. Annual CO2 emissions total 3.06 billion tonnes, making India the third-largest emitter globally, though its per capita emissions stand at 2.13 metric tonnes, below the global average of 4.7. The nation’s most recent Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was submitted in 2022, with a new plan pending ministerial approval. Experts have assessed India’s climate plans as “highly insufficient.”
The country faces significant challenges, including frequent high heat events that have led to increased power demands, causing electricity shortages. Currently, two-thirds of Indian households experience energy poverty, lacking reliable access to electricity for basic needs. As demand for cooling increases, the strain on India’s energy infrastructure grows, contributing to an annual increase in electricity demand of 7%-8%.
Despite this dependency on electricity, India is heavily reliant on coal, which accounts for about 70% of electricity generation. The Indian government advocates for a balanced energy strategy that integrates fossil fuels and renewable energy sources, including nuclear and solar power. Renewable energy projects have rapidly expanded, with non-fossil sources recently making up half of installed electricity capacity, surpassing expectations set by the Paris Agreement.
India’s position in international climate negotiations is largely influenced by the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities,” arguing that industrialized countries should take greater accountability for global emissions. Critics note that India’s carbon footprint is still growing, prompting calls for more ambitious climate action. India will advocate for climate finance at COP30, aiming to secure funding for developing countries while addressing internal energy demands and the impacts of climate change. The government recognizes the importance of both mitigation and adaptation in the face of escalating environmental challenges.
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/sep/28/huge-energy-challenges-how-can-india-make-leap-green-clean-country