Let Me Explain: How viruses keep us on our toes

In a recent interview for the “Let Me Explain” series, Christina Burch, a professor of biology specializing in viral evolution at the University of North Carolina, discusses the seasonal uptick in respiratory infections like the flu, RSV, and COVID-19 during colder months. Burch explains that conditions such as cold, dry air contribute to the longevity of viruses outside the body and hinder mucus movement in airways, making transmission easier. Additionally, winter often leads to more indoor gatherings, further elevating the risk of infection.

Burch highlights that these viruses, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2, evolve annually due to mutations in genes that code for surface proteins. This evolution can result in reinfections among previously vaccinated individuals and a rise in community transmission. To combat these adaptations, annual vaccinations have become essential, tailored to the most current circulating virus strains.

Advancements in technology during the COVID-19 pandemic have improved predictions of viral evolution, aiding vaccine design. Researchers aim to create vaccines that remain effective longer, even as viruses evolve. Burch emphasizes the importance of understanding viral behavior, pointing out that viruses exist in a gray area between living and nonliving entities, actively evolving when inside a host.

• Why it matters:
  • Awareness of respiratory infection dynamics can help individuals better prepare for seasonal health risks.
  • Understanding viral evolution can inform businesses about the importance of annual vaccinations for employees.
• The latest:
  • Advancements in technology during the COVID-19 pandemic have enhanced the capability to predict viral mutations, improving annual vaccine design.