Saudi Arabia’s economic and environmental statistics provide a framework for understanding the kingdom’s position on climate change. The nation’s GDP per capita is approximately $35,230, significantly above the global average of $14,210. However, Saudi Arabia is also the seventh-largest emitter of CO2 globally, releasing 736 million tonnes annually, with a per capita emission rate of 22.13 metric tonnes, compared to the global average of 4.7 metric tonnes. The country’s most recent Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was released in 2021, but its climate plans are categorized as “critically insufficient.”
The Saudi Arabian economy is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, with its state oil company, Aramco, being the world’s largest oil producer. This economic model is seen as vulnerable to international drives for reducing fossil fuel consumption. While Saudi Arabia has historically opposed global climate agreements and actions, it is simultaneously investing in renewable energy projects at home.
The kingdom faces unique challenges due to its geographical and climatic conditions. It is highly susceptible to climate change impacts that threaten livability for its population, which stands at approximately 36 million. Evolving environmental conditions include rising temperatures, increased droughts, and severe flooding in urban areas.
Despite its ambitions, the country has drawn criticism for attempting to undermine international climate negotiations. Saudi Arabia has utilized procedural tactics to delay climate action within the UN framework and has resisted commitments to phasing out fossil fuels. The kingdom’s strategy has shifted toward adopting a more diversified economy while simultaneously wanting to maintain oil revenue to fund this transition.
The crux of the issue lies in balancing domestic oil demands with international climate obligations. Such contradictions raise questions about how the kingdom will adapt to global pressures while ensuring its economic continuity.
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/15/170000-a-minute-why-saudi-arabia-is-the-biggest-blocker-of-climate-action